This article was originally published by Research in Estonia.

The vaccines are here! We can finally see the light at the end of this long dark coronavirus-shaped tunnel. But – now what?

Those who already received their protective injections are eager to have dinner in restaurants, fly to beach holidays or just go back to the offices because why get the COVID jab without being able to leave home? Therefore, the next big question is: how can economies open up without everyone being vaccinated?

"Vaccination passports" are the new buzzwords. They will show whether a person has been vaccinated or not – either digitally or on paper. And, ultimately, open doors for those who get the green light.

In some parts of the world, it's already becoming a reality. In February, Israel released an app that proves the phone holder's COVID status. The British government plans to test COVID certificates. The EU is speaking about "Digital Green Certificates", which shows whether a person has been vaccinated against COVID-19, has received a negative test result or recovered from the virus.

Human rights scientists from 23 European countries, under the EU funded Global Digital Human Rights Network, have come together to see what vaccination passports would mean from the perspective of human rights.

Serious threats to fundamental rights can be prevented, according to Mart Susi, Tallinn University professor of human rights law.

Scientists gathered data, analysed it and list the recommendations in record time – in only two months. The matter is urgent, and they felt the need to speak up, as pointed out by Mart Susi, one of the initiators of the study and a Tallinn University professor of human rights law. The results were presented on April 12, 2021.

Vaccine passports will split the world

"Most of the scientists involved saw similar threats to fundamental rights," Susi added. "Vaccine passports will create disparities."

Private businesses like concert organisers or bar owners do have the right to refuse access to those who have not gotten their injection, Susi explained. If the laws and rules aren't there, business owners will likely end up discriminating against those who have not been vaccinated. After all, it's hard to blame the business owners for trying to save their enterprises from bankruptcy.

The standpoint of the European Court of Human Rights has so far been that immunization cannot be made mandatory. However, this may be changing. Last week, the Grand Chamber ruled that a Czech preschool had the right to refuse entry to unvaccinated children. Even though this was not COVID-related, it may change the way lawmakers view the vaccination issue in the future.

For now, however, everyone is free to make their own choice about vaccines.

"It's important to remember that not everyone can get safely vaccinated," said Tiina Pajuste, Tallinn University associate professor of international and European law and the leader of the network's research focus group. "Vaccine passports can create a new national, regional or global prejudice against young people, pregnant women and individuals with previous medical conditions."

Besides, not all people have access to vaccines. Even within the European Union the disparities are wide. Every third Hungarian adult has gotten the first COVID shot whereas in Bulgaria only around 8 percent of adults have, according to European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Many countries around the world haven't even received any doses to start with.

Discrimination, as Susi emphasized, means unequal treatment based on reasons that are beyond the person's control. Many could get trapped in their countries simply because their governments have failed them. The global divide between the rich and the poor may deepen.

For all these reasons, and many more, human rights scientists have stepped up to let their voices be heard.

Mart Susi listed their main recommendations for governments:

• Announce a time limit. Vaccine passports should not become part of our lives for an unknown period of time. Those unable to vaccinate should be able to consider their disadvantage as a temporary situation with a clear beginning and an end.
• Offer alternatives to those who cannot or do not want to get vaccinated. For instance, they could present a negative COVID-19 test result or proof that they have recovered from it.
• Instead of each country implementing its own system, there should be a global or regional solution.

Running out of time

People's vaccination data will have to be recorded in a public database. As usual with such lists, there are data privacy concerns. Would people be willing to share their health data with their governments? What if the lists leak?

People who are struggling financially to make ends meet tend to have lower levels of trust in their mainstream parties and politicians, a study by the EU Fundamental Rights Agency showed. Therefore, as Joanna Goodey, the head of the agency's data and research unit, pointed out: "We need to focus on our own interventions with certain groups in a society, to ensure that their needs and their rights are met."

At the same time, Estonia's former president and digital visionary Toomas Hendrik Ilves, has raised different concerns. He said he doesn't believe that data privacy is a real issue. "We need to pay much more attention to data integrity," he said. "Is the information real? Has it been tampered with?" In his opinion, creating a vaccination database won't be difficult. Keeping the data accurate is what we should be really speaking about, he pointed out.

Meanwhile, the pressure is mounting. People and economies want to get moving again, and they are losing their patience. Governments around the world should be working on creating a fair vaccine passport system, as unified as possible. The world has seen enough hardship, and scientists believe that we must avoid the next crisis.

In his final note in the webinar, Ilves pleaded: "Make it a far bigger priority! It's not a nine-to-five-let's-wait-for-the-next-council-meeting kind of thing."

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